I colorized, restored and created a sound design for this video of Germany 1930s before World War II , we can see clearly, what is happening, in broad daylight in these cities: Bremen, Berlin, Potsdam, Danzig, Koenigsberg, Oberammergau, Munich, and other https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrxpUZGRkSY B&W Video Source from: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
B&W Video Source from:Library of Congress - Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division (MBRS)
B&W Video Source:https://collections.ushmm.org/search/...1. https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn560590
Carl Schurz Tour of American professors and students through Germany in summer 1934
Film | Accession Number: 2016.568 | RG Number: RG-60.1942 | Film ID: 4261
REEL 1. Portrait bust of Carl Schurz. Title: “The Vereinigung CARL SCHURZ Berlin presents GERMANY 1934. Directed by O.V. Bothmer, Photographed by Erich Menzel, Music by Walter Winnig, Sound by Erich Dolle, Recorded on Klangfilm apparatus Afifa Sound Print Material Agfa.” UFA Rolling title: “This film is a pictorial record of the ‘Carl Schurz Tour’ of American professors and students, representing 26 American universities and other institutions, through Germany in the summer of 1934. With the object of furthering the friendly relations between America and Germany on the basis of mutual understanding and goodwill, the tour was organized under the auspices of the Vereinigung Carl Schurz (President Dr. Max Ilgner) in close cooperation with the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (President General Ewald von Massow) and the Amerika-Institut (President Dr. K.O. Bertling). The tour began on July 7, 1934 in Bremen and ended on August 9, 1934 in Hamburg. Mr. E. de Haas, secretary of the Vereinigung Carl Schurz, who had the honor of conducting the tour assisted by a staff of students from the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, is responsible for the wording of the film and will speak to you in record of the tour.”
Ocean liner Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen docks on July 7th. The Americans board a train to Bremen. Town of Bremen. The Bremen Roland statue from 1404 in the market square. Streetcar in town. Gothic-style town hall. INT the senate of Bremen meets the Americans, model ship hangs from the ceiling. The students and professors exit town hall crossing over to the Böttcherstraße. Storehouse. Brick house with an ornate wire balcony railing, stained glass window. Bremen Cathedral. Teichmann Fountain in Domshof Square. The group takes a train to Berlin. Visible from the train window is Berlin’s Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church. They pass Tiergarten and a bridge over the Spree River. They disembark the train; luggage on the platform. The Carl Schurz-Haus and portrait bust of Carl Schurz’s head. A reception in a courtyard area of the house. Men and women in formal wear converse with one another, drinks in hand. “Humboldt-Haus.” Bus. They disembark at the Kaiser Wilhelm-Institut Fur Biologie in Dahlem. Students explore the Pergamon Museum on Berlin’s Museum Island. Equestrian statue of Emperor William I. City of Berlin. Bus goes through the Brandenburg Gate and Tiergarten. Sanssouci Palace in Potsdam. A windmill. Boat ride on the Havel River. Nazi flag on the boat. People in canoes.
First film opens with mention of Carl Schurz, who organized tour of Germany by US university professors from 20 universities over 10 or 12 days in July-August 1934, with the "object of furthering friendly relations between America and Germany on the basis of mutual understanding and goodwill.
The tour was organized under the auspices of Vereinigung Carl Schurz
Born in the Kingdom of Prussia's Rhine Province, Schurz fought for democratic reforms in the German revolutions of 1848–1849 as a member of the academic fraternity association Deutsche Burschenschaft.[1] After Prussia suppressed the revolution Schurz fled to France. When police forced him to leave France he migrated to London. Like many other "Forty-Eighters", he then migrated to the United States, settling in Watertown, Wisconsin, in 1852. After being admitted to the Wisconsin bar, he established a legal practice in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He also became a strong advocate for the anti-slavery movement and joined the newly organized Republican Party, unsuccessfully running for Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin. After briefly representing the United States as Minister (ambassador) to Spain, Schurz served as a general in the American Civil War, fighting in the Battle of Gettysburg and other major battles.
Carl Christian Schurz was born on March 2, 1829, in Liblar (now part of Erftstadt), in Rhenish Prussia, the son of Marianne (née Jussen), a public speaker and journalist, and Christian Schurz, a schoolteacher.[4] He studied at the Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne, and learned piano under private instructors. Financial problems in his family obligated him to leave school a year early, without graduating. Later he graduated from the gymnasium by passing a special examination and then entered the University of Bonn.[5]
These roles were reversed when Kinkel left for Berlin to become a member of the Prussian Constitutional Convention.[8] When the Frankfurt rump parliament called for people to take up arms in defense of the new German constitution, Schurz, Kinkel, and others from the University of Bonn community did so. During this struggle, Schurz became acquainted with Franz Sigel, Alexander Schimmelfennig, Fritz Anneke, Friedrich Beust, Ludwig Blenker and others, many of whom he would meet again in the Union Army during the U.S. Civil War.
During the 1849 military campaign in Palatinate and Baden, he joined the revolutionary army, fighting in several battles against the Prussian Army.[5] Schurz was adjunct officer of the commander of the artillery, Fritz Anneke, who was accompanied on the campaign by his wife, Mathilde Franziska Anneke. The Annekes would later move to the U.S., where each became Republican Party supporters. Anneke's brother, Emil Anneke, was a founder of the Republican party in Michigan.[9] Fritz Anneke achieved the rank of coloneland became the commanding officer of the 34th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the Civil War; Mathilde Anneke contributed to both the abolitionist and suffrage movements of the United States.
Carl Schurz, [c. 1859–1870]. Carte de Visite Collection, Boston Public Library.
When the revolutionary army was defeated at the fortress of Rastatt in 1849, Schurz was inside. Knowing that the Prussians intended to kill their prisoners, Schurz managed to escape and travelled to Zürich. In 1850, he returned secretly to Prussia, rescued Kinkel from prison at Spandau and helped him to escape to Edinburgh, Scotland.[5] Schurz then went to Paris, but the police forced him to leave France on the eve of the coup d'état of 1851, and he migrated to London. Remaining there until August 1852, he made his living by teaching the German language.[10]
While in London, Schurz married fellow revolutionary Johannes Ronge's sister-in-law, Margarethe Meyer, in July 1852 and then, like many other Forty-Eighters, migrated to the United States.[5] Living initially in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Schurzes moved to Watertown, Wisconsin, where Carl nurtured his interests in politics and Margarethe began her seminal work in early childhood education.
In Wisconsin, Schurz soon became immersed in the anti-slavery movement and in politics, joining the Republican Party. In 1857, he ran unsuccessfully as a Republican for lieutenant governor. In the Illinois campaign of the next year between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, he took part as a speaker on behalf of Lincoln—mostly in German—which raised Lincoln's popularity among German-American voters. In 1858, Schurz was admitted to the Wisconsin bar and began to practice law in Milwaukee. Beginning 1859, his law partner was Halbert E. Paine. With Paine's encouragement, Schurz took more of an interest in politics and public speaking than in law.[11] In the state campaign of 1859, Schurz made a speech attacking the Fugitive Slave Law, arguing for states' rights. In Faneuil Hall, Boston, on April 18, 1859,[12] he delivered an oration on "True Americanism", which, coming from an alien, was intended to clear the Republican party of the charge of "nativism". Wisconsin Germans unsuccessfully urged his nomination for governor in 1859. In the 1860 Republican National Convention, Schurz was spokesman of the delegation from Wisconsin, which voted for William H. Seward. Despite this, Schurz was on the committee which brought Lincoln the news of his nomination.[10]
After Lincoln's election and in spite of Seward's objection, Lincoln sent Schurz as minister to Spain in 1861,[13] in part because of Schurz's European record as a revolutionary.[10] While there, Schurz did not manage to cause any lasting impact on the Spanish authorities regarding the conflict.[14] He returned to the US in early 1862 to join the Union army.
During the American Civil War, Schurz served with distinction as a general in the Union Army. Persuading Lincoln to grant him a commission in the Union army, Schurz was commissioned brigadier general of Union volunteers in April 1862. In June, he took command of a division, first under John C. Frémont, and then in Franz Sigel's corps, with which he took part in the Second Battle of Bull Run in August 1862. He was promoted to major general in 1863 and was assigned to lead a division in the XI Corps at the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, both under General Oliver O. Howard.[10] A bitter controversy began between Schurz and Howard over the strategy employed at Chancellorsville, resulting in the routing of the XI Corps by the Confederate corps led by Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. Two months later, the XI Corps again broke during the first day of Gettysburg. Containing several German-American units, the XI Corps performance during both battles was heavily criticized by the press, fueling anti-immigrant sentiments.
Carl Schurz as Major General of Volunteers during the Civil War.
Following Gettysburg, Schurz's division was deployed to Tennessee and participated in the Battle of Chattanooga. There he served with the future Senator Joseph B. Foraker, John Patterson Rea, and Luther Morris Buchwalter, brother to Morris Lyon Buchwalter. Senator Charles Sumner (R-MA) was a Congressional observer during the Chattanooga Campaign.[citation needed] Later, he was put in command of a Corps of Instruction at Nashville. He briefly returned to active service, where in the last months of the war he was with Sherman's army in North Carolina as chief of staff of Henry Slocum's Army of Georgia. He resigned from the army after the war ended in April 1865.[10]
In the summer of 1865, President Andrew Johnson sent Schurz through the South to study conditions. They then quarreled because Schurz supported General Slocum's order forbidding the organization of militia in Mississippi. Schurz delivered a report to the U.S. Senate documenting conditions in the South which concluded that Reconstruction had succeeded in restoring the basic functioning of government but failed in restoring the loyalty of the people and protecting the rights of the newly legally emancipated who were still considered the slaves of society.[15] It called for a national commitment to maintaining control over the South until free labor was secure, arguing that without national action, Black Codes and violence including numerous extrajudicial killingsdocumented by Schurz were likely to continue.[15] The report was ignored by the President, but it helped fuel the movement pushing for a larger congressional role in Reconstruction and holding Southern states to higher standards.[16][10]
Carl Schurz, [c. 1859–1870]. Carte de Visite Collection, Boston Public Library.
In 1866, Schurz moved to Detroit, where he was chief editor of the Detroit Post. The following year, he moved to St. Louis, becoming editor and joint proprietor with Emil Preetorius of the German-language Westliche Post (Western Post), where he hired Joseph Pulitzer as a cub reporter. In the winter of 1867–1868, he traveled in Germany; his account of his interview with Otto von Bismarck is one of the most interesting chapters of his Reminiscences. He spoke against "repudiation" of war debts and for "honest money"—code for going back on the gold standard—during the Presidential campaign of 1868.[10]
Carl Schurz is Don Quixote in this cartoon by Thomas Nast from Harper's Weekly of April 6, 1872
In 1868, he was elected to the United States Senate from Missouri, becoming the first German American in that body. He earned a reputation for his speeches, which advocated fiscal responsibility, anti-imperialism, and integrity in government.[citation needed] During this period, he broke with the Grant administration, starting the Liberal Republicanmovement in Missouri, which in 1870 elected B. Gratz Browngovernor.[10]
After William P. Fessenden's death, Schurz became a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs where Schurz opposed Grant's Southern policy as well as his bid to annex Santo Domingo. Schurz was identified with the committee's investigation of arms sales to and cartridge manufacture for the French army by the United States government during the Franco-Prussian War.
In 1872, he presided over the Liberal Republican Party convention, which nominated Horace Greeley for President. Schurz's own choice was Charles Francis Adams or Lyman Trumbull, and the convention did not represent Schurz's views on the tariff.[10] Schurz campaigned for Greeley anyway. Especially in this campaign, and throughout his career as a Senator and afterwards, he was a target for the pen of Harper's Weekly artist Thomas Nast, usually in an unfavorable way.[19] The election was a debacle for the Greeley supporters. Grant won by a landslide, and Greeley died shortly after election day in November, before the Electoral College had even met.
Schurz lost the 1874 Senatorial election to Democratic Party challenger and former ConfederateFrancis Cockrell. After leaving office, he worked as an editor for various newspapers. In 1875, he assisted in the successful campaign of Rutherford B. Hayes to regain the office of Governor of Ohio. In 1877, Schurz was appointed United States Secretary of the Interior by Hayes, who had been by then been elected President of the United States. Although Schurz honestly attempted to reduce the effects of racism toward Native Americans and was partially successful at cleaning up corruption, his recommended actions towards American Indians "in light of late twentieth-century developments" were repressive.[20] Indians were forced to move into low-quality reservation lands that were unsuitable for tribal economic and cultural advancement.[20] Promises made to Indian chiefs at White House meetings with President Rutherford B. Hayes and Schurz were often broken.[20]
Carl Schurz and James Blaine in a Puck political cartoon of c. 1878 by J. Keppler
In 1876, he supported Hayes for President, and Hayes named him Secretary of the Interior, following much of his advice in other cabinet appointments and in his inaugural address. In this department, Schurz put into force his belief that merit should be the principal consideration in appointing civil servants to jobs in the Civil Service. He was not in favor of permitting removals except for cause, and supported requiring competitive examinations for candidates for clerkships. His efforts to remove political patronage met with only limited success, however. As an early conservationist, he prosecuted land thieves and attracted public attention to the necessity of forest preservation.[10]
Delegation of Ute Indians in Washington, D.C. in 1880. Background: Woretsiz and general Charles Adams (Colorado Indian agent) are standing. Front from left to right: Chief Ignatio of the Southern Utes; Carl Schurz US Secretary of the Interior; Chief Ouray and his wife Chipeta.
During Schurz's tenure as Secretary of the Interior, a movement to transfer the Office of Indian Affairs to the control of the War Department began, assisted by the strong support of Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman.[21]Restoration of the Indian Office to the War Department, which was anxious to regain control in order to continue its "pacification" program, was opposed by Schurz, and ultimately the Indian Office remained in the Interior Department. The Indian Office had been the most corrupt office in the Interior Department. Positions in it were based on political patronage and were seen as granting license to use the reservations for personal enrichment. Because Schurz realized that the service would have to be cleansed of such corruption before anything positive could be accomplished, he instituted a wide-scale inspection of the service, dismissed several officials, and began civil service reforms whereby positions and promotions were to be based on merit not political patronage.[22]
Schurz's leadership of the Indian Affairs Office was at times controversial. While certainly not an architect of forced displacement of Native Americans, he continued the practice. In response to several nineteenth-century reformers, however, he later changed his mind and promoted an assimilationist policy.[23][24]
When a statuary tribute to German poet Heinrich Heine was resisted because of anti-Semitic opponents in Germany, Schurz's activism aided in its relocation across the Atlantic to New York.[25]
True to his anti-imperialist convictions, Schurz exhorted McKinley to resist the urge to annex land following the Spanish–American War.[29] In the 1904 election he supported Alton B. Parker, the Democratic candidate.[30] Carl Schurz lived in a summer cottage in Northwest Bay on Lake George, New York which was built by his good friend Abraham Jacobi.
Schurz published a volume of speeches (1865), a two-volume biography of Henry Clay (1887), essays on Abraham Lincoln (1899) and Charles Sumner (posthumous, 1951), and his Reminiscences (posthumous, 1907–09). His later years were spent writing the memoirs recorded in his Reminiscences which he was not able to finish, reaching only the beginnings of his U.S. Senate career. Schurz was a member of the Literary Society of Washington from 1879 to 1880.[34]
Karl Bitter's 1913 monument to Schurz ("Defender Of Liberty And A Friend Of Human Rights") outside Morningside Park, at Morningside Drive and 116th Street in New York City
The USS Schurz was commissioned in 1917 as a Patrol Gun Boat. Formerly the small unprotected cruiser SMS Geier of the German Imperial Navy, the ship had been taken over by the U.S. Navy when hostilities between Germany and the U.S. commenced, after having been interned in Honolulu in 1914. The Schurz sank after a collision on 21 June 1918 off Beaufort Inlet, Florida.
Several memorials in Germany also commemorate the life and work of Schurz, including:
Carl-Schurz Kaserne, in Bremerhaven, has been home to U.S. Army units for several decades, including elements of the 2nd Armored Division (Forward). Today it houses Army transportation units and some civilian commercial activities related to commercial shipping.
^Helge Dvorak (2002). "Schurz, Carl Christian". Biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Burschenschaft (in German). Vol. Band I: Politiker Teilband 5: R-S. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter. pp. 372–376. ISBN3-8253-1256-9.
^Mejías-López (2009), The Inverted Conquest, p. 132.
^Brands (2012), The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace, p. 489.
^This story, and the conflict between Nast and Harper's editorial writer George William Curtis, is related by Albert Bigelow Paine in Thomas Nast: His Period and His Pictures, 1904.
^"Army charges answered". The New York Times: 5. December 7, 1878. ARMY CHARGES ANSWERED; THE INDIAN SERVICE UPHELD BY MR. SCHURZ. WHY IT WOULD BE UNWISE TO TRANSFER THE INDIAN BUREAU TO THE WAR DEPARTMENT--INCONSISTENT AND INACCURATE STATEMENTS BY MILITARY OFFICERS--LOOSE MANAGEMENT UNDER THE ARMY. INCONSISTENT AND INACCURATE STATEMENTS BY ARMY OFFICERS. ALLEGED ARMY DISHONESTY. MEASURES OF IMPORTANCE. MR. SCHURZ CROSS-EXAMINED. OTHER WITNESSES
^Trefousse, Hans L., Carl Schurz: A Biography, (U. of Tenn. Press, 1982)
^Hoxie, Frederick E. A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1981.
^"Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, November 1, 1880," In Prucha, Francis Paul, ed., Documents of United States Indian Policy, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2000. See Google Books.
Yockelson, Mitchell, "Hirschhorn", Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, Heidler, David S., and Heidler, Jeanne T., eds., W. W. Norton & Company, 2000, ISBN0-393-04758-X.
Schurz, Carl. The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz (three volumes), New York: McClure Publ. Co., 1907–08. Schurz covered the years 1829–1870 in his Reminiscences. He died in the midst of writing them. The third volume is rounded out with A Sketch of Carl Schurz's Political Career 1869–1906 by Frederic Bancroft and William A. Dunning. Portions of these Reminiscences were serialized in McClure's Magazine about the time the books were published and included illustrations not found in the books.
Bancroft, Frederic, ed. Speeches, Correspondence, and Political Papers of Carl Schurz (six volumes), New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1913.
Nagel, Daniel. Von republikanischen Deutschen zu deutsch-amerikanischen Republikanern. Ein Beitrag zum Identitätswandel der deutschen Achtundvierziger in den Vereinigten Staaten 1850–1861. Röhrig, St. Ingbert 2012.
The Carl Schurz Papers, containing materials especially of interest to the examination of Schurz's image in the press and in the German-American community, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Carl Schurz Tour of American professors and students through Germany in summer 1934
Film | Accession Number: 2016.568 | RG Number: RG-60.1943 | Film ID: 4262
REEL 2. The American students dine on a train on their way to East Prussia. Sculptural relief of Danzig’s Coat of Arms. Gdańsk belltower. Clocktower of the townhall. The group tours the town. President Schanz? takes a photo. The unique gables of Gdansk houses. Boats in the canal. The old port crane used for loading and unloading ships. Visitors walk out onto the pier and tour the grounds of Marlbork Castle. BDM girls sell flowers from baskets. Schurz tour group poses for a photo. Border crossing with Poland - “Halt! Grenze.” Americans visit Schurz’s House. One holds a kitten. The Kwidzyn Cathedral and Castle. The Tannenberg Memorial created in memory of the 1914 battle in which the Germans were led by von Hindenberg. Newsreel footage of the funeral ceremony for von Hindenberg. Rural East Prussian landscape seen from train windows. The group arrives in Königsberg, tomb of Emanuel Kant at the Königsberg Cathedral, castle. The coast of Svetlogorsk, Nazi flag on the beach. Cable car travel. Nazi flag on the pier. The group swims and lays in the sand.
Carl Schurz Tour of American professors and students through Germany in summer 1934
Film | Accession Number: 2016.568 | RG Number: RG-60.1944 | Film ID: 4263
REEL 3. Arrival in Dresden, cathedral, Zwinger Palace with many classical sculptures. Boat on the Elbe. The train moves alongside the Saale River and enters Thuringia. The ruins of the Rudelsberg Castle on a hill. In Weimar, funeral wreaths with ribbons bearing swastikas at the base of the Goethe-Schiller monument with two bronze statues of the poets. The Schiller House. The students walk with a professor through the park in Weimar. The Nietzsche Archive with Nietzche’s sister on the steps to welcome the group of American students. They visit the Goethe House, where Goethe worked, lived and died. Hitler passes by in a car with other officials. People salute Hitler in the car. According to the notes of Herbert Davis Vogel (one of the men on the Schurz Tour and the donor of this film footage to the Library of Congress), Hitler was on his way to visit Nietzsche’s sister. The Americans tour a planetarium in Jena with a professor from the university. The Frommannsche House. Marketplace of Jena, sausages. They travel by train to Nuremberg and visit the castle. Nazi flags decorate the town. Nazi parade with RAD men. Fountains, houses, church at night in Nuremberg. ⇐less
Herbert Davis Vogel, 84, a retired brigadier general in the Army Corps of Engineers and a former chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority, died Aug. 26 at Walter Reed Army Medical Center after a heart attack.
Gen. Vogel, who lived in Washington, was born in Chelsea, Mich. He graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1924. He served in the Corps of Engineers until 1954, when he retired from the Army and was appointed chairman of the TVA by President Eisenhower.
He remained in that post until 1963. On his second retirement, he moved to Washington and worked for the World Bank. He then was a private engineering consultant until his death.
An authority on flood control and on water and soil conservation, Gen. Vogel was noted for his advocacy of power projects for the TVA. In more recent years he expressed the view that the entire watershed of the Potomac River should be developed with a view to meeting the long-range water needs of the Washington metropolitan area.
In the course of his military career, Gen. Vogel earned a doctorate in engineering at the Technical High School of the University of Berlin. He designed and supervised construction of the U.S. Waterways Experiment Station at Vicksburg, Miss., in the early 1930s. During World War II, he served in the Pacific and the Philippines.
His postwar assignments included duty as lieutenant governor of the Panama Canal Zone and service as southwest division engineer with headquarters in Dallas, the post from which he retired. He was a member of the Mississippi River Commission, the Beach Erosion Board, the Board of Engineeers for Rivers and Harbors and the Arkansas-White-Red River Basins Interagency Committee, of which he was chairman.
His military decorations included the Distinguished Service Medal and the Legion of Merit.
After retiring from the TVA, Gen. Vogel was an engineering consultant at the World Bank until about 1967, when he founded Herbert D. Vogel & Associates, an engineering consulting firm.
Gen. Vogel was a member of the Society of American Military Engineers and the National Academy of Engineering. He was a fellow the American Society of Civil Engineers. He also was a member of the Army & Navy Club in Washington and the Cosmos Club.
Survivors include his wife, Loreine Elliott Vogel, of Washington; two children, Richard Elliott Vogel of Woodbridge and retired Army Col. Herbert Davis Vogel Jr. of Arlington; two brothers, Karl, of Huntington, W.Va., and Lewis Phillip Jr., of Chelsea; three sisters, Ruth Dunstone, of Angel Fire, N.M., and Betty Oesterle and Florence Vogel, both of Chelsea; four grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren.
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